![]() ![]() The mainstay treatment option for SSS is pacemaker implantation, an effective approach, but has disadvantages such as infection, limited battery life, dislodgement of leads and catheters to be permanently implanted in situ. Dysfunction of ion channels responsible for initiation or conduction of cardiac action potentials may underlie both bradycardia and tachycardia bradycardia can also increase the risk of tachycardia, and vice versa. Techniques such as genetic screening and molecular diagnostics together with the use of pre-clinical models have elucidated the electrophysiological mechanisms of this condition. Tachycardia‑bradycardia syndrome (TBS) is a complication of SSS characterized by alternating tachycardia and bradycardia. Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) encompasses a group of disorders whereby the heart is unable to perform its pacemaker function, due to genetic and acquired causes. This is an open access article distributed under the China, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1AG, UK, Li Dak‑Sum Research Centre‑HKU‑Karolinska Institutet Collaboration on Regenerative Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China, Faculty of Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK, Intensive Care Department, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. Affiliations: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic‑Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. ![]()
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